Cloud computing offers many advantages to researchers and engineers who need access to high performance computing facilities for solving particular compute-intensive and/or large-scale problems, but whose overall high performance computing (HPC) needs do not justify the acquisition and operation of dedicated HPC facilities. There are, however, a number of fundamental problems which must be addressed, such as the limitations imposed by accessibility, security and communication speed, before these advantages can be exploited to the full. This book presents 14 contributions selected from the International Research Workshop on Advanced High Performance Computing Systems, held in Cetraro, Italy, in June 2012. The papers are arranged in three chapters. Chapter 1 includes five papers on cloud infrastructures, while Chapter 2 discusses cloud applications. The third chapter in the book deals with big data, which is nothing new – large scientific organizations have been collecting large amounts of data for decades – but what is new is that the focus has now broadened to include sectors such as business analytics, financial analyses, Internet service providers, oil and gas, medicine, automotive and a host of others. This book will be of interest to all those whose work involves them with aspects of cloud computing and big data applications.