Medical Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms that colonize or infect humans. It studies the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these microorganisms with practical applications in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases (infectious diseases, infection-related cancer, dysbiosis related diseases, etc.,). In the past two decades, its expansion is essentially due to the great advances in related fields such as immunology, genetics, bioinformatics, science, technology, engineering and mathematics. New scientific knowledge and understanding make possible new applications. Nevertheless, it becomes a challenge due to lack of expertise to analyze fast-growing data and to translate them in clinical practice and medical education. The pace and sophistication of advances in all scientific disciplines applied to medical microbiology call for a comprehensive and integrative understanding of the overall knowledge development in the different related fields (immunology, genetics, bioinformatics, science, technology, engineering and mathematics, etc.,). In light of this, the main goal of this topical collection is to bridge the gap between all these fields. Each article in this compilation is a stand‐alone text based on an integrative review, which highlights advances in molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of human pathogens. It also helps researchers and practitioners to access and scrutinize the fast expanding knowledge. This research topic in medical microbiology provides an updated core of basic knowledge critical to clinical practice in medicine. It is designed for physicians, researchers, educators, residents, Lab technicians, undergraduate and graduate students. Each article deals with an important human pathogen. It uses a multidisciplinary approach integrating new advances, especially in genetics, bioinformatics, science, technology, engineering and mathematics. It provides an update of the current state-of-the-art scientific knowledge applied to molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of human pathogens. Rapid detection, accurate identification and typing of causative pathogens are necessary to optimize treatment, to trace pathogens and to study microbial population dynamics.