Race After Technology

by Ruha Benjamin
Race After Technology
Author: Ruha Benjamin
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Total Pages: 172
Release: 2019-07-09
Genre: Social Science
ISBN: 1509526439
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From everyday apps to complex algorithms, Ruha Benjamin cuts through tech-industry hype to understand how emerging technologies can reinforce White supremacy and deepen social inequity. Benjamin argues that automation, far from being a sinister story of racist programmers scheming on the dark web, has the potential to hide, speed up, and deepen discrimination while appearing neutral and even benevolent when compared to the racism of a previous era. Presenting the concept of the “New Jim Code,” she shows how a range of discriminatory designs encode inequity by explicitly amplifying racial hierarchies; by ignoring but thereby replicating social divisions; or by aiming to fix racial bias but ultimately doing quite the opposite. Moreover, she makes a compelling case for race itself as a kind of technology, designed to stratify and sanctify social injustice in the architecture of everyday life. This illuminating guide provides conceptual tools for decoding tech promises with sociologically informed skepticism. In doing so, it challenges us to question not only the technologies we are sold but also the ones we ourselves manufacture. Visit the book's free Discussion Guide: www.dropbox.com

Digitizing Race

by Lisa Nakamura
Digitizing Race
Author: Lisa Nakamura
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
Total Pages: 261
Release: 2007-12-20
Genre: Computers
ISBN: 1452913307
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Lisa Nakamura refers to case studies of popular yet rarely evaluated uses of the Internet, such as pregnancy websites, instant messaging, and online petitions and quizzes, to look at the emergence of race-, ethnic-, and gender-identified visual cultures.

Reconsidering Race

by Kazuko Suzuki
Reconsidering Race
Author: Kazuko Suzuki
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Total Pages: 329
Release: 2018-05-01
Genre: Political Science
ISBN: 0190465298
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Race is one of the most elusive phenomena of social life. While we generally know it when we see it, it's not an easy concept to define. Social science literature has argued that race is a Western concept that emerged with the birth of modern imperialism, whether in the sixteenth century (the Age of Discovery) or the eighteenth century (the Age of Enlightenment). This book points out that there is a disjuncture between the way race is conceptualized in the social sciences and in recent natural science literature. In the view of some proponents of natural-scientific perspectives, race has a biological- and not just a purely social - dimension. The book argues that, to more fully understand what we mean by race, social scientists need to engage these new perspectives coming from genomics, medicine, and health policy. To be sure, the long, dark shadow of eugenics and the Nazi use of scientific racism cast a pall over the effort to understand the complicated relationship between social science and medical science understandings of race. While this book rejects pseudoscientific and hierarchical ways of looking at race and affirms that it is rooted in social grounds, it makes the claim that it is time to move beyond merely repeating the "race is a social construct" mantra. The chapters in this book consider three fundamental tensions in thinking about race: one between theories that see race as fixed and those that see it as malleable; a second between Western (especially US-based) and non-Western perspectives that decenter the US experience; and a third between sociopolitical and biomedical concepts of race. The book will help shed light on multiple contemporary concerns, such as the place of race in identity formation, ethno- political conflict, immigration policy, social justice, biomedical ethics, and the carceral state.

Race in the Making

by Lawrence A. Hirschfeld
Race in the Making
Author: Lawrence A. Hirschfeld
Publisher: MIT Press
Total Pages: 250
Release: 1996
Genre: Philosophy
ISBN: 9780262581721
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Race in the Making provides a new understanding of how people conceptualize social categories and shows why this knowledge is so readily recruited to create and maintain systems of unequal power. Hirschfeld argues that knowledge of race is not derived from observations of physical difference nor does it develop in the same way as knowledge of other social categories. Instead, his central claim is that racial thinking is the product of a special-purpose cognitive competence for understanding and representing human kinds. The book also challenges the conventional wisdom that race is purely a social construction by demonstrating that a common set of abstract principles underlies all systems of racial thinking, whatever other historical and cultural specificities may be associated with them. Starting from the commonplace observation that race is a category of both power and the mind, Race in the Making directly tackles this issue. Through a sustained exploration of continuity and change in the child's notion of race and across historical variations in the race concept, Hirschfeld shows that a singular commonsense theory about human kinds constrains the way racial thinking changes, whether in historical time or during childhood. After surveying the literature on the development of a cultural psychology of race, Hirschfeld presents original studies that examine children's (and occasionally adults') representations of race. He sketches how a jointly cultural and psychological approach to race might proceed, showing how this approach yields new insights into the emergence and elaboration of racial thinking.

Basics of Vibration and Condition Analysis

by Kameshwar Upadhyay
Basics of Vibration and Condition Analysis
Author: Kameshwar Upadhyay
Publisher: Notion Press
Total Pages: 691
Release: 2020-07-22
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1648999638
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The book aims to impart basic knowledge of vibration and its effects on the process, functions and life of industrial machinery and acceptable limits of vibration, derived from different international standards. It highlights characteristics of vibration amplitude (displacement, velocity and acceleration), frequency and phase. It explains the basics of vibration theories of free & forced, single and double degree, damped and un-damped vibration systems, mode shapes, critical speeds of rotor and presents solution of complex vibrations in simplified mathematical models. Vibration measurement techniques, various types of transducers and their applications are also illustrated briefly. The book elaborates fault diagnosis & condition analysis techniques through simplified tabular charts for machines and mechanical modelling solution of vibration on complex bodies. Condition analysis by machine performance like efficiency, water rate, fuel consumption, or output and specific functional deviation(s) in machine is elaborated specially for setting alarms at suitable parameter of vibration. The static and dynamic balancing techniques are explored for single plane balancing, using only amplitude, amplitude and phase, or only phase for practical applications. In situ two-plane balancing by graphical, mathematical and computerized techniques are described in a simplified manner to achieve acceptable value of unbalance (reference international standards for different types of machines). The case studies of single or multi-degree freedom, damped or un-damped, torsional, and translational vibration are described for understanding, trouble diagnosis and their remedial actions to resolve the problems.

Race Struggles

by Theodore Koditschek
Race Struggles
Author: Theodore Koditschek
Publisher: University of Illinois Press
Total Pages: 354
Release: 2009
Genre: Race
ISBN: 0252076486
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The essays in this collection start with the premise that although race, like class and gender, is socially constructed, all three categories have been shaped profoundly by their context in a capitalist society. Race, in other words, is a historical category that develops not only in dialectical relation to class and gender but also in relation to the material conditions in which all three are forged. In addition to discussing and analyzing various dimensions of the African American experience, contributors also consider the ways in which race plays itself out in the experience of Asian Americans and in the very different geopolitical environments of the British Empire and postcolonial Africa. Contributors are Pedro Caban, Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua, David Crockett, Theodore Koditschek, Scott Kurashige, Clarence Lang, Minkah Makalani, Helen A. Neville, Ibitola O. Pearce, David Roediger, Monica M. White, and Jeffrey Williams.

User Interfaces for All

by Constantine Stephanidis
User Interfaces for All
Author: Constantine Stephanidis
Publisher: CRC Press
Total Pages: 755
Release: 2019-03-30
Genre: Technology & Engineering
ISBN: 1410600939
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User Interfaces for All is the first book dedicated to the issues of Universal Design and Universal Access in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Universal Design (or Design for All) is an inclusive and proactive approach seeking to accommodate diversity in the users and usage contexts of interactive products, applications, and services, starting from the design phase of the development life cycle. The ongoing paradigm shift toward a knowledge-intensive information society is already bringing about radical changes in the way people work and interact with each other and with information. The requirement for Universal Design stems from the growing impact of the fusion of the emerging technologies, and from the different dimensions of diversity, which are intrinsic to the information society. This book unfolds the various aspects of this ongoing evolution from a variety of viewpoints. It's a collection of 30 chapters written by leading international authorities, affiliated with academic, research, and industrial organizations, and non-market institutions. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the field, and includes contributions from a variety of theoretical and applied disciplines and research themes. This book can also be used for teaching purposes in HCI courses at the undergraduate as well as graduate level. Students will be introduced to the human-, organizational-, and technology-oriented dimensions that call for a departure from traditional approaches to user interface development. Students will also get an overview of novel methods, techniques, tools, and frameworks for the design, implementation, and evaluation of user interfaces that are universally accessible and usable by the broadest possible end-user population. This comprehensive book is targeted to a broad readership, including HCI researchers, user interface designers, computer scientists, software engineers, ergonomists and usability engineers, Human Factors researchers and practitioners, organizational psychologists, system/product designers, sociologists, policy- and decision makers, scientists in government, industry and education, as well as assistive technology and rehabilitation experts.