$K3$ surfaces are a key piece in the classification of complex analytic or algebraic surfaces. The term was coined by A. Weil in 1958 - a result of the initials Kummer, Kähler, Kodaira, and the mountain K2 found in Karakoram. The most famous example is the Kummer surface discovered in the 19th century.$K3$ surfaces can be considered as a 2-dimensional analogue of an elliptic curve, and the theory of periods - called the Torelli-type theorem for $K3$ surfaces - was established around 1970. Since then, several pieces of research on $K3$ surfaces have been undertaken and more recently $K3$ surfaces have even become of interest in theoretical physics.The main purpose of this book is an introduction to the Torelli-type theorem for complex analytic $K3$ surfaces, and its applications. The theory of lattices and their reflection groups is necessary to study $K3$ surfaces, and this book introduces these notions. The book contains, as well as lattices and reflection groups, the classification of complex analytic surfaces, the Torelli-type theorem, the subjectivity of the period map, Enriques surfaces, an application to the moduli space of plane quartics, finite automorphisms of $K3$ surfaces, Niemeier lattices and the Mathieu group, the automorphism group of Kummer surfaces and the Leech lattice.The author seeks to demonstrate the interplay between several sorts of mathematics and hopes the book will prove helpful to researchers in algebraic geometry and related areas, and to graduate students with a basic grounding in algebraic geometry.