Rarely seen drawings and watercolors by some of the most influential French artists of the nineteenth century are the subject of this richly illustrated publication from The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum. From revealing preparatory sketches to exquisite finished watercolors, more than 100 works by artists such as Eugene Delacroix, Honore Daumier, Paul Cezanne, and Edgar Degas illuminate the range of French art over the course of a century of innovation. The BMA and the Walters have combined holdings of more than 900 French drawings from the nineteenth century, one of the nation's strongest and richest collections of French art from this period. The publication also includes works from the Peabody Institute Art Collection of the Maryland State Archives. The Essence of Line offers the first comprehensive discussion of the formation of these collections and their significance for the history of French art. The catalogue includes essays by Jay McKean Fisher, William R. Johnston, and Cheryl K. Snay that provide insights into the artistic, commercial, and social functions that drawings served for their creators and collectors, as well as how collecting patterns influenced the development of modernism. Conservator Kimberly Schenck bridges the worlds of the collector and of the artist by examining the production and the use of drawing materials in an epoch of radical changes in technique as well as style. Published on the occasion of an exhibition jointly organized by The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum, this book presents a panorama of sketches, watercolors, and presentation drawings, many of them little known outside a small circle of experts. It is correlated with an online database of more than 900 nineteenth-century French drawings in the holdings of these Baltimore museums.